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1 анализ
analysis, dissection, examination, investigation, scan, scanning, test, review, study* * *ана́лиз м.
analysis, determination; ( визуальный) examinationне попада́ть в ана́лиз (о сплавах и т. п.) — be out of controlподверга́ть, напр. люминесце́нтному ана́лизу — analyze by, e. g., fluorescenceподверга́ть стро́гому ана́лизу мат. — subject to a rigorous analysis, analyze rigorously [in rigorous terms]поддава́ться ана́лизу — be analysableпопада́ть в ана́лиз (о сплавах и т. п.) — be in controlпри ана́лизе систе́ма разделя́ется [разбива́ется] на … — a system is analyzed into …проводи́ть ана́лиз — carry out [make, perform] an analysisпроводи́ть ана́лиз на … — carry out an analysis for …, analyze for …абсорбцио́нный ана́лиз — absorption analysisадсорбцио́нный ана́лиз — adsorption analysisактивацио́нный ана́лиз — (radio)activation analysisактивацио́нный, радиохими́ческий ана́лиз — activation analysis with radiochemical separationарбитра́жный ана́лиз — arbitrary [arbitration] analysisана́лиз бесконе́чно ма́лых мат. — infinitesimal calculusбиохими́ческий ана́лиз — biochemical analysisвалово́й ана́лиз — bulk [total, gross] analysisвариацио́нный ана́лиз — analysis of varianceве́кторный ана́лиз — vector analysisвесово́й ана́лиз — weight [gravimetric] analysisвеще́ственный ана́лиз — substantial [material] analysisволюмометри́ческий ана́лиз — volumetric analysisвременно́й ана́лиз — analysis in the time domainга́зовый ана́лиз — gas analysisгармони́ческий ана́лиз — harmonic [Fourier] analysisгравиметри́ческий ана́лиз — gravimetric analysisана́лиз грани́чных усло́вий — limit analysisгранулометри́ческий ана́лиз — particle-size [grain-size] analysisдинамометри́ческий ана́лиз — dynamic force analysisдискре́тный ана́лиз — sampling analysisдисперсио́нный ана́лиз мат., стат. — analysis of varianceдифракцио́нный ана́лиз — diffraction analysisдифференциа́льно-терми́ческий ана́лиз — differential thermal analysisдро́бный ана́лиз — fractional analysisана́лиз дымовы́х га́зов — flue-gas analysisзо́льный ана́лиз — ash analysisана́лиз изло́ма — fracture testизото́пный ана́лиз — isotopic analysisана́лиз изото́пным разбавле́нием — isotope-dilution analysisиммерсио́нный ана́лиз — immersion analysisи́мпульсный ана́лиз — pulse analysisана́лиз и́мпульсов, амплиту́дный — pulse-height analysisинфракра́сный спектра́льный ана́лиз — analysis by infrared spectroscopyкалориметри́ческий ана́лиз — calorimetric analysisка́пельный ана́лиз — drop analysisка́чественный ана́лиз — qualitative analysisка́чественный ана́лиз позволя́ет установи́ть нали́чие веще́ств — qualitative analysis detects substancesкинемати́ческий ана́лиз — kinematic analysisана́лиз ковшо́вой про́бы — ladle analysisколи́чественный ана́лиз — quantitative analysisколи́чественный ана́лиз позволя́ет определи́ть коли́чества веще́ств — quantitative analysis determines substancesколориметри́ческий ана́лиз — colorimetric analysisкомбинато́рный ана́лиз мат. — combinatorial analysisкондуктометри́ческий ана́лиз — conductimetric analysisконтро́льный ана́лиз — check analysisконформацио́нный ана́лиз — conformational analysisкорреляцио́нный ана́лиз — correlation analysisана́лиз кривы́х разго́на хим. — transient response analysisкристаллографи́ческий ана́лиз — crystallographic analysisкристаллохими́ческий ана́лиз — chemical analysis of crystalsкулонометри́ческий ана́лиз — coulometric analysisлюминесце́нтный ана́лиз — fluorimetric [fluorescence] analysis, chemical analysis by fluorescenceмагнитострукту́рный ана́лиз — magnetic structural analysisмасс-спектра́льный ана́лиз — mass spectrometric analysisмасс-спектрографи́ческий ана́лиз — mass spectrographic analysisматемати́ческий ана́лиз — mathematical analysisметаллографи́ческий ана́лиз — metallographic analysisана́лиз ме́тодом ме́ченых а́томов — tracer analysisана́лиз ме́тодом оплавле́ния — fusion analysisана́лиз ме́тодом сухо́го озоле́ния — blowpipe analysisана́лиз ме́тодом титрова́ния — titrimetric analysis, analysis by titrationмехани́ческий ана́лиз — mechanical analysisмногоме́рный ана́лиз — multivariate analysisмо́крый ана́лиз — wet analysisана́лиз на микроэлеме́нты — trace analysisана́лиз на моде́ли — model analysisана́лиз напряже́ний мех. — stress analysisнейтронографи́ческий ана́лиз крист. — neutron diffraction analysisана́лиз нелине́йных систе́м — non-linear system analysisана́лиз нелине́йных систе́м ме́тодом гармони́ческого бала́нса — non-linear system analysis by the describing function methodана́лиз нелине́йных систе́м ме́тодом ма́лого пара́метра — non-linear system analysis by the perturbation theory [method]неоргани́ческий ана́лиз — inorganic analysisнепреры́вный ана́лиз — on-stream analysisнефелометри́ческий ана́лиз — nephelometric analysis, nephelometric determinationобъё́мный ана́лиз — volumetric analysisопережа́ющий ана́лиз ( в автоматическом регулировании) — anticipatory analysisоргани́ческий ана́лиз — organic analysisорганолепти́ческий ана́лиз — organoleptic analysisана́лиз отка́зов — failure analysisана́лиз отму́чиванием — decantation analysisана́лиз перехо́дных проце́ссов — transient (response) analysisпетрографи́ческий ана́лиз — petrographic analysisпирохими́ческий ана́лиз — pyrochemical analysisана́лиз плавле́нием в ва́кууме — vacuumfusion analysisпламефотометри́ческий ана́лиз — flame photometric analysisпо́лный ана́лиз — complete [total] analysisполуколи́чественный ана́лиз — semiquantitative analysisполяриметри́ческий ана́лиз — polarimetric analysisполярографи́ческий ана́лиз — polarographic analysisпосле́довательный ана́лиз — sequential [successive] analysisпотенциометри́ческий ана́лиз — potentiometric analysisана́лиз пото́ка, квазистациона́рный — quasi-steady flow analysisана́лиз потреби́тельского спро́са — marketing analysisана́лиз преде́льных состоя́ний — limit analysisприближё́нный ана́лиз — approximate analysisпричи́нный ана́лиз — cause-and-effect analysisпроби́рный ана́лиз — assay(ing)проби́рный, мо́крый ана́лиз — wet assay(ing)проби́рный, сухо́й ана́лиз — dry [fire] assay(ing)ана́лиз про́бы из ковша́ — ladle analysisрадиоактивацио́нный ана́лиз — radioactivation analysisана́лиз радиоакти́вности — radioactivity determinationрадиометри́ческий ана́лиз — radiometric analysisана́лиз разго́нкой — distillation analysis, distillation testана́лиз разме́рностей — dimensional analysisра́стровый ана́лиз — scanning analysisрегрессио́нный ана́лиз — regression analysisрентгенографи́ческий ана́лиз — radiographic analysisрентгеноспектра́льный ана́лиз — (analysis by) X-ray spectrometryрентгеноспектра́льный, лока́льный ана́лиз — X-ray microanalysis, electron probe X-ray analysisрентгенострукту́рный ана́лиз — X-ray (diffraction) analysisрентгенофа́зовый ана́лиз — X-ray phase analysisрефрактометри́ческий ана́лиз — refractometric analysisана́лиз руд — ore analysis, ore assayседиментацио́нный ана́лиз — sedimentation analysisседиментометри́ческий ана́лиз — sedimetric [sedimentometric] analysisана́лиз сжига́нием — combustion analysisсистемати́ческий ана́лиз — systematic analysisси́товый ана́лиз — mesh [sieve, screen] analysisана́лиз скани́рованием — analysis by scanningана́лиз спе́ктра вибра́ции — vibration spectrum analysisспектра́льный ана́лиз — spectrum [spectral] analysisспектра́льный, молекуля́рный ана́лиз — molecular spectrum analysisспектра́льный, эмиссио́нный ана́лиз — emission (spectrum) analysisспектрографи́ческий ана́лиз — spectrographic analysisспектрофотометри́ческий ана́лиз — spectrophotometric [absorptimetric] analysisспектрофотометри́ческий ана́лиз в ви́димой ча́сти спе́ктра — visible spectrophotometric analysis, spectrophotometric analysis in the visible regionспектрофотометри́ческий ана́лиз в инфракра́сной о́бласти — infrared spectrophotometric analysis, spectrophotometric analysis in the infrared regionспектрофотометри́ческий ана́лиз в ультрафиоле́товой о́бласти — ultraviolet spectrophotometric analysis, spectrophotometric analysis in the ultraviolet regionана́лиз ста́ли при вы́пуске пла́вки — tapping analysisстатисти́ческий ана́лиз — statistical analysisана́лиз сто́чных вод — sewage analysisстробоскопи́ческий ана́лиз — stroboscopic analysisстру́йный ана́лиз — jet analysisструкту́рный ана́лиз — structural analysisсухо́й ана́лиз — dry analysisте́нзорный ана́лиз — tensor analysisтеплово́й ана́лиз — thermoanalysisтерми́ческий ана́лиз — thermoanalysisтермогравиметри́ческий ана́лиз — thermogravimetric analysisтермомагни́тный ана́лиз — magnetothermal analysisте́хнико-экономи́ческий ана́лиз — technical-economical analysisтехни́ческий ана́лиз — proximate analysisтитриметри́ческий ана́лиз — titrimetric analysis, analysis by titrationтурбидиметри́ческий ана́лиз — turbidimetric analysisфа́зовый ана́лиз — phase analysisфакториа́льный ана́лиз — factor analysisфотометри́ческий ана́лиз — photometric analysisфракцио́нный ана́лиз — fractional analysisфракцио́нный ана́лиз по пло́тности — float-and-sink [densimetric, specific gravity] analysisфункциона́льный ана́лиз — functional analysisхими́ческий ана́лиз — chemical analysisхроматографи́ческий ана́лиз — chromatographic analysisцветово́й ана́лиз — colour separationана́лиз цепе́й — circuit analysisана́лиз цепе́й, маши́нный — computerized circuit analysisчасти́чный ана́лиз — partial analysisчасто́тно-временно́й ана́лиз — time-and-frequency analysis, analysis in the time and frequency domainчасто́тный ана́лиз — frequency (response) analysis, analysis in the frequency domainана́лиз че́рез си́нтез вчт. — analysis by synthesisчи́сленный ана́лиз — numerical analysesана́лиз шу́ма — noise analysisэлектрографи́ческий ана́лиз крист. — electron diffraction analysisэлемента́рный ана́лиз — ultimate [elementary] analysis -
2 фракционный анализ
Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > фракционный анализ
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3 фракционный анализ
1) Engineering: densimetric analysis, float-and-sink analysis, sink-and-float testing2) Mining: float-and-sink sampling3) Metallurgy: densimetric analysis (по плотности), float-and-sink analysis (по плотности), sink-and-float test, specific gravity analysis, specific gravity analysis (по плотности)4) Oil: sizing analysis, fractional analysis, size analysis5) Gold mining: sink and float test, sink-and-floatУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > фракционный анализ
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4 фракционный анализ по плотности
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > фракционный анализ по плотности
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5 peso específico
m.specific weight, specific gravity.* * *specific gravity* * *(Fís, Quím) specific gravity* * *(n.) = weight, specific gravityEx. Weights are a quantitative measure of the prominence of various index terms in the description of a subject and may form the basis of an alternative search logic.Ex. The laboratory analysis reports characteristics of: (1) odor, color, and clarity; (2) specific gravity; (3) sediment; (4) test strips; and (5) albumin and phosphates.* * *(Fís, Quím) specific gravity* * *(n.) = weight, specific gravityEx: Weights are a quantitative measure of the prominence of various index terms in the description of a subject and may form the basis of an alternative search logic.
Ex: The laboratory analysis reports characteristics of: (1) odor, color, and clarity; (2) specific gravity; (3) sediment; (4) test strips; and (5) albumin and phosphates.* * *specific gravity -
6 específico
adj.specific, particular, special.* * *► adjetivo1 specific1 (medicamento) specific; (especialidad) patent medicine\peso específico specific gravity————————1 (medicamento) specific; (especialidad) patent medicine* * *(f. - específica)adj.* * *1.ADJ specific2.SM (Med) specific* * *I- ca adjetivo1) ( preciso) specific2) (Farm, Med) specificIImasculino specific* * *= given, individual, narrow [narrower -comp., narrowest -sup.], niche-specific, one, one-off, specific, single, bounded, determinate, particular, defined, designated, circumscribed, targeted, focused [focussed], narrowly focused.Ex. The notation for any given geographical division varies between classes and between different parts of the same classes.Ex. The series area includes the series title, an indication of the responsibility for the series (often series editors), and the number of the individual work within the series, if the work is one of a numbered series.Ex. The subject areas which such data bases cover may range from relatively narrow subjects, to interdisciplinary areas.Ex. The history and analysis of CCML presented here is quite subjective and specific to BRS, but does reflect the issues associated with producing a niche-specific database.Ex. Note the different definitions, and the different boundaries for this one subject area.Ex. Associated with full-time staffing reductions has been the virtual elimination of part-time teachers and ' one-off' expert lecturers.Ex. Various publishers have reputations for specific styles, subject areas or works for specific audiences.Ex. In other words, the elements of any single case may point to several concepts; in this sense, the cases are like icebergs -- more is hidden han appears on the surface.Ex. This problem arises in real time multimedia applications, which often requires a guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delay to ensure that the quality of service is met = Este problema surge en las aplicaciones multimedia en tiempo real, que a menudo necesitan un ancho de banda garantizado y un retraso limitado para asegurar la calidad del servicio.Ex. There is no coherent and determinate body of legal doctrine and the categories available for classifying legal problems simply mask the incoherency and indeterminacy of legal doctrine.Ex. It is possible to identify an item uniquely within a particular institution or agency by a running accession number.Ex. The Pearson correlation coefficient has been calculated to find out the correlation and to test the null hypothesis that there is no correlation among publishing in journals, citing from journals and use of journals by a defined set of researchers.Ex. It is tremendously valuable to library staff (particularly in libraries with a designated departmental structure) to maintain close professional ties with local academic departments.Ex. Library and Information Plans (LIP) are 5-year management plans for information provision in a circumscribed region.Ex. Threats to the integrity of science include interest in paranormal phenomena, sensationalism of science and pressure for targeted research.Ex. These include a series of focused workshops and a four day national conference.Ex. Some articles cover broad themes while others are more narrowly focused.----* área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.* area temática específica = narrow subject area.* base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.* centrado en un tema específico = topic-centred.* conseguir ocupar un lugar específico = secure + a niche.* de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.* dedicado a una aplicación específica = dedicated.* del documento específico = document-related.* dirigido a un sector de la población específico = sector-orientated.* específico a la biblioteca = library-specific.* específico de = peculiar to.* específico de la biblioteca = library-specific.* específico de la edición = edition-specific.* específico de las empresas = company-specific.* específico del documento = document-related, document-specific.* específico de una agencia = agency-specific.* específico de una base de datos = database-specific.* específico de una disciplina = discipline-specific.* específico de un trabajo concreto = job-specific.* específico para cada edición = edition-specific.* grupo específico = niche.* hecho para una situación específica = niche-specific.* índice específico = specific index.* información específica = data element.* mención específica del formato de música impresa = musical presentation statement.* mercado específico = niche market.* para ser específico = to be specific.* peso específico = specific gravity.* público específico = niche audience.* término específico = specific term.* término específico genérico (NTG) = narrower term generic (NTG).* término específico partitivo (NTP) = narrower term partitive (NTP).* término más específico = narrower term.* tratamiento específico de la información = specific approach.* valor específico = weighting.* * *I- ca adjetivo1) ( preciso) specific2) (Farm, Med) specificIImasculino specific* * *= given, individual, narrow [narrower -comp., narrowest -sup.], niche-specific, one, one-off, specific, single, bounded, determinate, particular, defined, designated, circumscribed, targeted, focused [focussed], narrowly focused.Ex: The notation for any given geographical division varies between classes and between different parts of the same classes.
Ex: The series area includes the series title, an indication of the responsibility for the series (often series editors), and the number of the individual work within the series, if the work is one of a numbered series.Ex: The subject areas which such data bases cover may range from relatively narrow subjects, to interdisciplinary areas.Ex: The history and analysis of CCML presented here is quite subjective and specific to BRS, but does reflect the issues associated with producing a niche-specific database.Ex: Note the different definitions, and the different boundaries for this one subject area.Ex: Associated with full-time staffing reductions has been the virtual elimination of part-time teachers and ' one-off' expert lecturers.Ex: Various publishers have reputations for specific styles, subject areas or works for specific audiences.Ex: In other words, the elements of any single case may point to several concepts; in this sense, the cases are like icebergs -- more is hidden han appears on the surface.Ex: This problem arises in real time multimedia applications, which often requires a guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delay to ensure that the quality of service is met = Este problema surge en las aplicaciones multimedia en tiempo real, que a menudo necesitan un ancho de banda garantizado y un retraso limitado para asegurar la calidad del servicio.Ex: There is no coherent and determinate body of legal doctrine and the categories available for classifying legal problems simply mask the incoherency and indeterminacy of legal doctrine.Ex: It is possible to identify an item uniquely within a particular institution or agency by a running accession number.Ex: The Pearson correlation coefficient has been calculated to find out the correlation and to test the null hypothesis that there is no correlation among publishing in journals, citing from journals and use of journals by a defined set of researchers.Ex: It is tremendously valuable to library staff (particularly in libraries with a designated departmental structure) to maintain close professional ties with local academic departments.Ex: Library and Information Plans (LIP) are 5-year management plans for information provision in a circumscribed region.Ex: Threats to the integrity of science include interest in paranormal phenomena, sensationalism of science and pressure for targeted research.Ex: These include a series of focused workshops and a four day national conference.Ex: Some articles cover broad themes while others are more narrowly focused.* área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.* area temática específica = narrow subject area.* base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.* centrado en un tema específico = topic-centred.* conseguir ocupar un lugar específico = secure + a niche.* de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.* dedicado a una aplicación específica = dedicated.* del documento específico = document-related.* dirigido a un sector de la población específico = sector-orientated.* específico a la biblioteca = library-specific.* específico de = peculiar to.* específico de la biblioteca = library-specific.* específico de la edición = edition-specific.* específico de las empresas = company-specific.* específico del documento = document-related, document-specific.* específico de una agencia = agency-specific.* específico de una base de datos = database-specific.* específico de una disciplina = discipline-specific.* específico de un trabajo concreto = job-specific.* específico para cada edición = edition-specific.* grupo específico = niche.* hecho para una situación específica = niche-specific.* índice específico = specific index.* información específica = data element.* mención específica del formato de música impresa = musical presentation statement.* mercado específico = niche market.* para ser específico = to be specific.* peso específico = specific gravity.* público específico = niche audience.* término específico = specific term.* término específico genérico (NTG) = narrower term generic (NTG).* término específico partitivo (NTP) = narrower term partitive (NTP).* término más específico = narrower term.* tratamiento específico de la información = specific approach.* valor específico = weighting.* * *A (determinado, preciso) specific pesoun medicamento específico a specificspecific* * *
Del verbo especificar: ( conjugate especificar)
especifico es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
especificó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
especificar
específico
especificar ( conjugate especificar) verbo transitivo
to specify
específico◊ -ca adjetivo
specific
especificar verbo transitivo to specify
específico,-a
I adjetivo specific
II m Med specific (remedy): los médicos de la seguridad social procuran no recetar específicos, doctors in the national health care system avoid prescribing specifics to their patients
' específico' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
específica
- peso
- concreto
- general
- helecho
- particular
- quinceañero
English:
backbencher
- crime
- general
- given
- in
- literate
- particular
- specific
- back
* * *específico, -a♦ adjspecific♦ nm[medicamento] specific* * *adj specific* * *específico, -ca adj: specific♦ específicamente adv* * *específico adj specific -
7 análisis de laboratorio
(n.) = laboratory analysisEx. The laboratory analysis reports characteristics of: (1) odor, color, and clarity; (2) specific gravity; (3) sediment; (4) test strips; and (5) albumin and phosphates.* * *(n.) = laboratory analysisEx: The laboratory analysis reports characteristics of: (1) odor, color, and clarity; (2) specific gravity; (3) sediment; (4) test strips; and (5) albumin and phosphates.
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8 albúmina
f.albumin, albumen.* * *1 albumin* * *SF albumin* * *femenino albumin* * *= albumen, albumin.Ex. The author discusses preservation problems relating to the structure of the major types of silver prints on paper: salt, albumen, collodion and gelatin prints, together with problems of oxidation and the formation of silver sulphide.Ex. The laboratory analysis reports characteristics of: (1) odor, color, and clarity; (2) specific gravity; (3) sediment; (4) test strips; and (5) albumin and phosphates.----* albúmina sérica = serum albumin.* * *femenino albumin* * *= albumen, albumin.Ex: The author discusses preservation problems relating to the structure of the major types of silver prints on paper: salt, albumen, collodion and gelatin prints, together with problems of oxidation and the formation of silver sulphide.
Ex: The laboratory analysis reports characteristics of: (1) odor, color, and clarity; (2) specific gravity; (3) sediment; (4) test strips; and (5) albumin and phosphates.* albúmina sérica = serum albumin.* * *albumin* * *albúmina nfQuím albumin* * *f albumin* * *albúmina nf: albumin -
9 fosfato
m.phosphate.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: fosfatar.* * *1 phosphate\fosfato de cal calcium phosphate* * *SM phosphate* * *masculino phosphate* * *= phosphate.Ex. The laboratory analysis reports characteristics of: (1) odor, color, and clarity; (2) specific gravity; (3) sediment; (4) test strips; and (5) albumin and phosphates.* * *masculino phosphate* * *= phosphate.Ex: The laboratory analysis reports characteristics of: (1) odor, color, and clarity; (2) specific gravity; (3) sediment; (4) test strips; and (5) albumin and phosphates.
* * *phosphate* * *
Del verbo fosfatar: ( conjugate fosfatar)
fosfato es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
fosfató es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
fosfatar
fosfato
fosfato sustantivo masculino
phosphate
fosfatar verbo transitivo phosphatize: están fosfatando las viñas, they're phosphatizing the vineyards
fosfato sustantivo masculino phosphate
' fosfato' also found in these entries:
English:
phosphate
* * *fosfato nmphosphatefosfato de cal calcium phosphate;fosfato cálcico calcium phosphate* * *m phosphate* * *fosfato nm: phosphate -
10 tira de prueba
(n.) = test stripEx. The laboratory analysis reports characteristics of: (1) odor, color, and clarity; (2) specific gravity; (3) sediment; (4) test strips; and (5) albumin and phosphates.* * *(n.) = test stripEx: The laboratory analysis reports characteristics of: (1) odor, color, and clarity; (2) specific gravity; (3) sediment; (4) test strips; and (5) albumin and phosphates.
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11 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
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